Study of Energy Management, Bridging Power grids, Design and analysis of DC-DC converters (buck, boost, buck-boost), rectifiers (AC-DC), and inverters (DC-AC). Fundamentals of magnetic components, including inductors, transformers, and reactors. Study of Characteristics of switching devices, including MOSFETs, BJTs, IGBTs, and thyristors. Using engineering software like MATLAB/Simulink, Pspice, or PSIM to model and test switching circuits.